Niemeier, Hans-Martin
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Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, European Airport Reform: Slots and the Implicit Contract Between Airlines and AirportsEurope faces some of the most difficult airport environments in the world. Many airports are very busy, are difficult to expand, and several have high charges. In spite of this, in some ways, such as the allocation of scarce capacity without major delays, they perform quite well. This paper examines the interests of the main stakeholders, such airlines, passengers, airports, and governments in these reforms, and the ways key institutions impact on them. A key institution is runway slots—these resolve the delay problem quite effectively. However, they do create large rents which can be used to enable poor efficiency, and enable the airlines and airports to create implicit contracts to underinvest.Wissenschaftlicher Artikel70 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Airport economicsThis book provides a comprehensive guide to the economics of airports for all managers, regulators and educators within the aviation industry. Written by three renowned experts but made accessible and relevant for all those working within the industry, or aspiring to do so, it is the perfect entry point for learning about the underlying economics of airports as a crucial component of the air transport system. It explains the cost structures of airports, and then relates these to how airports determine their charges. It explains how charges at different airports differ, whether this is due to different types of traffic, different input prices, ways of producing outputs and different levels of efficiency. Most airports are publicly owned or regulated, and there has been a trend towards privatisation. The book explains how airports have been regulated and assesses how well the regulatory structures have performed; it discusses the trend towards light-handed regulation and the reliance on competition where this exists. The book examines the problems of limited capacity at airports and how these are resolved through slots and charging systems, and the long-term solution of investment in airports - why it is controversial, and how it can be achieved effectively. It also considers the environmental impacts of airports and the issues these pose for managers, from the well-known problems of airport noise to the growing recognition of the impacts of air transport on climate change, and the roles airports in mitigating these consequences. Written for airport and airline managers, regulators and students, this book will suit Bachelors and Masters programmes on air transport managementBuch67 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Is economics good for aviation policy? Some problems in bridging the gap between theory and policyThis paper argues that airport economics is based on the concept of economics as the positive value free science of efficient allocation of scarce resources with given wants, ignoring the approach of economics as a moral science. It assesses critically the results on major policy issues. Although there is strong empirical evidence of natural monopoly of airports, no consensus has emerged. The effects of privatisation have been assessed in terms of cost efficiency, but not in terms of economic welfare and distribution. While airport economics has made theoretical progress, the policy recommendations on single versus dual till are less relevant than those from the older models. Airport expansion is assessed in many cases by economic impact studies instead of cost benefit analysis. Economists applying impact analysis, have contributed to an irrational policy discussion. The role for morals in the management of airports has been neglected, although there is evidence that incentives might backfire. The paper argues that airport economics based on economics as a moral science could improve airport economics, and make its policy recommendations more relevant.Wissenschaftlicher ArtikelBand:9663 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Addressing the impact of airport pricing, investment and operations on greenhouse gas emissionsThe discussion of mitigating climate change has turned towards airports, which are a key element in the overall air transport industry. The paper analyses how measures at the airport level can help to directly or indirectly reduce emissions from the air transport sector. This topic is of relevance because, by now, external costs of the sector are internalised only partially. We distinguish between non-aviation and aviation emissions as well as those from airport access and egress. In addition, airports are regarded as a node by policymakers to reduce emissions. While a reduction of non-aviation emissions is straightforward and also attempted by many airports, the reduction in aviation emissions is mainly controlled by the airlines themselves and airports only have an indirect effect. Applying microeconomics, we analyse how operational factors, pricing and slot regimes can affect output and emissions. In the short run, with busy airports, differentiated charges might only lead to reduced emissions in the US, as the slot systems ration demand well. In the long run new capacity must be assessed by Cost Benefit Analysis with pricing of local and global environmental externalities. While full internalisation of external costs is, in principle, possible it has yet to be achieved. This means that there is a significant task to assess the emissions at airport with a view to enabling stronger policies to reduce emissions.Wissenschaftlicher ArtikelHeft:12247 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, The impact of specialization, ownership, competition and regulation on efficiency: a case study of Indian seaportsWe develop a two-stage formulation to estimate seaport performance and to understand the drivers of efficiency, which could potentially include specialization, ownership, competition and tariff regulation. The first-stage non-parametric, slacks-based measure estimates the technical efficiency of each port. For the second-stage analysis, we develop a set of contextual variables including an absolute measure of specialization and a berth-level measure of ownership structure. To measure competition, we develop spatial measures that quantify the level of competition as a function of distance. We subsequently apply this formulation to major Indian seaports, covering a period of 21 years, from 1995 to 2015. The first-stage results suggest that average seaport efficiency has increased gradually over time. The second-stage fixed effects regressions show that specialization and external stakeholder participation have significant positive impacts on seaport performance. Perhaps surprisingly, we find that, in a tiered governance framework, competition between major seaports and local seaports has a significant negative impact on performance, potentially due to excessive infrastructure. Finally, changes in the regulatory mechanism over time are shown to be efficiency improving.Wissenschaftlicher ArtikelBand:24Heft:380 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Examining the impact of air cargo growth on poor Vietnamese rural and urban households(Elsevier {BV}, 2023); ; ; This study adopts a Structural Path Analysis to explore the ways in which air cargo can play a role in reducing poverty in Vietnam. This study departs from the prevalent and extensively researched macroeconomic analysis of air cargo, focusing instead on the microeconomic and distributional effects. The results show that air cargo growth stimulates the production of the sectors that employ semi-skilled and unskilled rural workers. The results indicate that the effect of air cargo expansion on poverty is more pronounced in rural households than in urban households. The conclusion drawn from this study is that policies focused on decreasing transaction costs and enhancing human capital have the potential to amplify the effects of air cargo on poverty. Moreover, expanding air cargo and simultaneously improving human capital in Vietnam would provide the catalyst for upgrading from value-added assembling functions to higher value-added roles in global value chains.Wissenschaftlicher ArtikelHeft:162 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Twenty years of airport efficiency and productivity studies: A machine learning bibliometric analysisAirport efficiency and productivity analysis has attracted increasing attention over the last two decades. During this period, the number of such studies has grown significantly, with more than 100 articles related to the topic having been published in peer-reviewed journals in broad areas including transportation, economics, management, operations research and mathematics. Our study complements the previous literature surveys by adopting bibliometric analysis to improve the understanding of airport efficiency and productivity studies. Our analysis identifies publication patterns (e.g., the most relevant authors, institutions and countries; collaborative networks; key journals; and the most cited articles) and popular research topics (e.g., keyword analysis). The annual growth rate of publications is found to be 10.96%, with an increasing trend during 1999–2019. In terms of geographical distribution, almost half of the studies evaluate the performance of the airport sector in Europe, while 21.88% focus on Asian airports. Airport ownership form and size, hub status and economic regulations are popular variables used to explain variation in airport efficiency.Wissenschaftlicher Artikel90 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Regulation of air traffic control servicesThis chapter focuses on the regulation of Air Traffic Control (ATC): how it is done, and how it can be improved. The analysis is general, but it pays specific attention to Europe, which is a region which is dominated by public but regulated suppliers. Major parts of ATC systems, especially the en-route systems, are characterised by natural monopoly. Worldwide, most ATC systems are publicly owned and operated, though there are significant exceptions, such as those of the United Kingdom and Canada. In the EU ATC systems are government owned, though many are corporatised. With ATC systems there is a short run problem of achieving productivity, and in some cases, there are also quality problems, which are manifested in delays. In the long run there are problems of achieving efficient levels of investment. In the EU there is strong evidence of productive inefficiency in many countries’ systems, and pricing often involves traffic risk sharing mechanisms, which dampen incentives for efficiency. Questionable incentives for efficiency in government owned systems are an issue. Turning to the long run, in Europe there have been chronic problems of achieving adequate investment, made more complex by the difficulties in achieving interoperability between the systems of different countries. The EU system of regulation is such that incumbent operators are shielded from risks (very evident in the Covid crisis), leading to weak incentives for efficiency.Wissenschaftlicher Artikel63 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Economic Evaluation of Investments in Airports: Recent DevelopmentsThe problem of how to evaluate investments in airports has now been studied for over 50 years. This paper analyzes the use of different methods like cost–benefit analysis (CBA), economic impact analysis (EIA), and computable general equilibrium (CGE) models to address the question. It assesses the strength and weaknesses of each method, and it discusses which methods have been used in different countries. The paper argues that the CBA approach and the newer CGE modeling approach address the policy issue well and that both methods are appropriate, although improvements are possible, especially in the newer aspects of evaluation. Furthermore, more data intensive CGE models are able to analyze broader aspects of the evaluation question for which CBA has had difficulty. EIA does not address the problem satisfactorily, and it misleads air transport policy. But this evaluation contrasts sharply with practice. EIA has been extensively used to decide on airport investment. CGE approaches are very promising, though further work is needed for them to reach their full potential. This paper pays particular attention to the relationship between CBA and CGE in airport investment evaluation and also the possible role of wider economic benefits (WEBs) of aviation in evaluation.Wissenschaftlicher ArtikelBand:12Heft:1138 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Introduction(Springer International Publishing, 2023); ; ; This book discusses the current state of the art in the literature on, and the practice of economic regulation of, airports. This topic has received ample attention in the literature, but recent developments in aviation markets, policy and the literature concerning regulation and benchmarking necessitate a new overview.Wissenschaftlicher Artikel57