Katzenbach, Christian
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Item type:Publication, Platform Governance Archive (PGA): Dataset PGA v2 [Data Paper](2023-07-20); ; ; ; This dataset PGA v2 is part of the Platform Governance Archive (PGA), a data repository and platform that collects and curates policies of major social media platforms in a long-term perspective. In addition to PGA v2, there is also the historical dataset PGA v1 that provides a long-term collection of platform policies of four major platforms from 2005 to 2021. The PGA v2 picks up this work and writes it into the future, while also broadening the scope of data collection. Instead of looking backward, the PGA v2 entails data collected in-real time as changes are made to platform policies. This way, the database remains always up to date allowing access to the data through the Platform Governance Archive even for the most current versions of platform policies.Report356 428 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, One Day in Content Moderation: Analyzing 24 h of Social Media Platforms’ Content Decisions through the DSA Transparency Database(2023-12-10); ; ; This report examines how social media platforms moderated user content over a single day. It analyzes whether decisions were automated or manual, the visibility measures applied, and which content categories were most subject to moderation by specific platforms on that day. The dataset was obtained from the DSA’s database daily reports page. We selected only social media platforms from all the designated VLOPs reporting their decisions. As of now, these platforms include Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, X (formally known as Twitter) Snapchat, Pinterest, and LinkedIn.Report970 1051 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Imaginaries of AIArtificial intelligence (AI) is considered a key technology in contemporary societies. Discursive and public imagination play a pivotal role in envisioning and determining trajectories of AI and its integration in society. Particularly, the approach of sociotechnical imaginaries offers a meaningful perspective to analyze the characteristics and impact of imaginaries surrounding technological advances. As AI seems to be in a formative phase – both as a technology and infrastructure as well as regarding its public perception, it is particularly relevant to understand how imaginaries impact economic, research, and political agendas, and who is pushing which agenda to the foreground above other potential lines of development. Therefore, this chapter provides an introduction to the concept of imaginaries and offers a critical analytical framework to question AI imaginaries. In addition, it provides an overview of current research on sociotechnical imaginaries around AI and related technological discourses considering relevant stakeholders, media representations and public perceptions of the technology.book part1666 1942 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The Platform Governance Archive v1 – A longitudinal dataset to study the governance of communication and interactions by platforms and the historical evolution of platform policies [Data Paper](2023-07-10); ; ; ; Platform policies contain the spelled out rules about what is allowed and prohibited on a service. As such, they constitute both a normative framework as well as a means of public communication by platforms. Studying the evolution of the increasingly complex web of policies that platforms have developed can hence allow us to trace the emergence of a specific normative order, i.e. the ways in which platforms are governing user activities and public speech and communication dynamics, as well as identify how they have reacted to public controversies, political debates and legal regulation. A major difficulty for studies on the historical evolution of platform policies, however, is the availability of past policies which is often needed for a thorough analysis, as the policies change quite frequently and even their names and locations often differ from the current version. Although platforms have become increasingly transparent about how and when they are changing their rules and have begun to offer public archives of the different historical versions of their policies, these archives often do not contain all of the past versions of a policy and relying on them entails trusting the platforms to provide complete information. Thus it remains hard to systematically study how the rules and norms of platforms have changed over time. Our Platform Governance Archive (PGA) aims to address this need by providing a comprehensive and uniformly collected dataset of all of the historical versions of platform policies which does not rely on the platforms’ own public records. While we are working on extending the scope of the archive to include more platforms and policies, the current dataset described in this paper contains all of the historical versions of three types of policy documents (Terms of Service, Community Guidelines, Privacy Policies) by four major platforms (Facebook, YouTube, Twitter and Instagram) in the time period from the inception of each policy until the end of 2021. Our paper gives a comprehensive overview of the conceptual layout of the Platform Governance Archive and details the automated and manual processes of data collection and data cleaning, as well as our practical and theoretical challenges. Starting with how we define a relevant change to a platform policy, we lay out how we used the Internet Archive’s Wayback Machine to identify past versions of platform policies, collect them, and then automatically and manually check for changes. Specifically, we explain how we mapped the URLs of the selected policies and they have changed over time, putting together a puzzle of how they were renamed and relocated. We then detail the automated scraping process of these URLs from the Wayback Machine as well as the automated diff-checking which we employed. The last step of the data cleaning consisted in a manual revision of the automatically identified versions based on our definition of a relevant change, which was necessary because a significant amount of data noise remained. The paper furthermore describes how the platforms' ways of displaying their policies have changed over time by increasingly turning them into interactive pages and multi-page documents, as well as how we addressed the data collection challenges that arose from this. The paper furthermore provides an overview of the resulting v1 corpus the Platform Governance Archive which is a dataset consisting of 354 policy documents with a total of 6,036 pages. By detailing the structure of our data repository on Github, we offer a guide on how to access and work with the data. We furthermore describe the characteristics and details of each platform and policy type to account for the fact that each of them have undergone a specific historical development. Lastly, our paper also presents a structural analysis of some of the general trends and patterns which are visible in the dataset over a time period of up to almost two decades on the document level. Using a quantitative analysis, we analyse how the change frequency and the character count of each platform policy has developed over time. A comparative visualisation of these findings allows us to show how the extent of the policies has grown over time, to identify periods of high growth and frequent changes and to draw comparative conclusions about the four different platforms. The Platform Governance Archive aims to be a resource for researchers, journalists, policy-makers, platform operators, activists, and other stakeholders as well as the general public. By offering both a comprehensive dataset and an accessible interface, we aim to offer and continue to develop this resource to enable research and public debate on the historical evolution of platform policies in order to trace down changes, to identify characteristic periods of isomorphic policies, to measure influencing factors, and to understand how specific debates, events, and legislation have influenced and manifested in platform policies.Report4423 764 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The Emergence of Misinformation in Platform Governance. A longitudinal study of social media platforms’ misinformation policies(2026-07); ; ; ; Roca, AndreaMisinformation has become a key concern for the functioning of contemporary democracies, and social media platforms are considered a key site of misinformation. So how have platforms responded to this challenge? This study explores how the governance and conceptualization of misinformation by five major social media platforms (YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, X/Twitter, TikTok) has changed from their inception until 2023. Applying a longitudinal mixed-method approach, the paper traces the inclusion of different terms connected with the concept of ‘misinformation’ into the platforms' policies and examines periods of convergence and divergence in their handling of these. We identify three distinct phases: ranging from the formative period with a focus on delegated liability to a phase shaped by concerns about spam, scam to the politicization of misinformation since the late-2010s. These findings contribute to scholarly debates on platforms and policies by reconstructing the former. More broadly, this paper shows how the formation of platforms is responsive to societal concerns, political developments, changing business models, and specific external incidents (elections, conflicts, COVID-19).journal article52 69