Schulz, Wiebke
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Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Occupational Career Attainment of Single Women During Modernization: The Logic of Industrialism Thesis RevisitedModernization processes are said to have caused major changes in individual social mobility outcomes. Whether the predictions of the logic of industrialism thesis hold for the careers of women is unclear however. This study provides the first systematic account of how regional modernization processes during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries influenced the careers of the female working population. Unlike research focusing on specific occupational groups and localities, this study models and makes predictions relating to the careers of a random sample of the single female labour force nationwide. We use an excellent source for studying women’s careers in different regions and over time. The Historical Sample of The Netherlands provides information about the occupational careers of 1148 single women active on the labour market between 1865 and 1928. To include regional modernization processes, we have collected a set of theoretical indicators, such as communication, transport, and social values, which are measured at the level of municipalities and which may vary yearly. Over historical time, as well as over the course of their careers, the status of women increased. Apart from the emergence of bureaucratic organizations and the expansion of the teaching sector, contextual modernization processes had hardly any influence on women’s status. We conclude that the logic of industrialism thesis only partly captures the effect of societal changes on the career success of women. Further research might focus on the role of the emergence of bureaucratic organizations and restrictive practices for the career success of women during modernization.Wissenschaftlicher ArtikelBand:17Heft:4154 236 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Is there something special about twin families? A comparison of parenting styles in twin and non-twin familiesTwin comparisons offer a powerful quasi-experimental design to study the impact of the family of origin on children’s life chances. Yet, there are concerns about the generalizability of results obtained from twin studies because twin families are structurally different and twins have a genetic resemblance. We examine these concerns by comparing mothers’ reports on their parenting styles for twin and non-twin children between twin and non-twin families, as well as within twin families. We use two German studies for our comparisons: TwinLife and pairfam. Our results demonstrate that twins receive more differential treatment and more emotional warmth than non-twins; however, these differences are largely accounted for by age differences between children. Overall, our results indicate that results on parenting obtained from twin studies can be generalized to non-twin families.Wissenschaftlicher ArtikelBand:90164 569 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Studying Career Success—the Role of Resources and Norms for Occupational Status Attainment in The Netherlands, 1865–1940This article presents a study of the occupational careers of men and women born between 1850 and 1922. First, we test the claim that since the mid-19th century individuals increasingly had successful careers. Second, we test hypotheses on differential career success derived from resource theory as well as from a norms and societal expectations framework. Successful careers are defined as starting at a higher level of occupational status and as growing in status at a faster rate. We consider (i) the influence of time-constant as well as time-varying characteristics on individual careers; and (ii) whether these effects changed over time. The Historical Sample of the Netherlands provides multiple measurements of the occupational status for 1,407 men and 824 women. The results show that there is hardly any trend towards increasing career success. For men, resources played the most important role for career success (e.g. basic schooling, father’s class and being married), whereas for women the findings were more mixed. Over time, sons of skilled workers had less successful careers. This suggests that it came to a reshuffling of advantages in the labour market rather than an improvement of occupational chances for all social classes.Wissenschaftlicher ArtikelBand:28Heft:2131 205 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Occupational career attainment during modernization. A study of Dutch men in 841 municipalities between 1865 and 1928This paper addresses the effects of modernization processes on occupational career attainment. We ask whether modernization processes increased the success of occupational careers, and whether the effect of social background varies by regional level of modernization. We analyse a unique data set with information about the careers of around 7000 men who were active in the labour market in the Netherlands between 1865 and 1928. Modernization processes are measured at the municipality level (e.g. presence of post office and train station, educational expansion). The results of cross-classified multilevel growth models show that in municipalities with more advanced modernization, men enjoy higher social status at the beginning of their career, but that their status grows more slowly over the course of their career. The effect of social background hardly varies in response to modernization processes. Our results indicate that regional modernization processes have had restricted impact on individual mobility outcomes.Wissenschaftlicher ArtikelBand:58Heft:1167 241 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Status Attainment and Social Mobility. How can Genetics Contribute to an Understanding of their Causes?This paper discusses why and how the consideration of inter-individual genetic variation can enhance the explanatory power of sociological inquiries of status attainment and social stratification. We argue that accounting for genetic variation may help to address longstanding and in some cases overlooked causality problems in explaining the emergence of social inequalities – problems which may interfere with both implicit and explicit interpretations of a society as “open” or “closed,” as meritocratic or non-meritocratic. We discuss the basic methodological tenets of genetically informative research (Sect. 2) and provide empirical examples and theoretical conceptualizations on how genetic variation contributes to status attainment (Sect. 3). This is followed by a discussion of gene-environment interplay in relation to more abstract ideas about social mechanisms that generate inequality, touching on normative implications of these ideas as well as considerations from a social justice perspective (Sect. 4). Finally, we briefly review the potential benefits as well as pitfalls of incorporating genetic influences into sociological explanations of status attainment. As we will argue, understanding how social influences impinge on the individual and how genes influence our lives requires sophisticated research designs based on sound sociological theory and methodology (Sect. 5). ( p. 371)Wissenschaftlicher ArtikelBand:55274 139 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Pathways of Intergenerational Transmission of Advantages during Adolescence: Social Background, Cognitive Ability, and Educational AttainmentEducational attainment in adolescence is of paramount importance for attaining higher education and for shaping subsequent life chances. Sociological accounts focus on the role of differences in socioeconomic resources in intergenerational reproduction of educational inequalities. These often disregard the intergenerational transmission of cognitive ability and the importance of children’s cognitive ability to educational attainment. Psychological perspectives stress the importance of cognitive ability for educational attainment but underemphasize potentially different roles of specific socioeconomic resources in shaping educational outcomes, as well as individual differences in cognitive ability. By integrating two strands of research, a clearer picture of the pathways linking the family of origin, cognitive ability, and early educational outcomes can be reached. Using the population-based TwinLife study in Germany, we investigated multidimensional pathways linking parental socioeconomic position to their children’s cognitive ability and academic track attendance in the secondary school. The sample included twins (N = 4008), respectively ages 11 and 17, and siblings (N = 801). We observed strong genetic influences on cognitive ability, whereas shared environmental influences were much more important for academic tracking. In multilevel analyses, separate dimensions of socioeconomic resources influenced child cognitive ability, controlling parental cognitive ability. Controlling adolescent cognitive ability and parental cognitive ability, parental socioeconomic resources also directly affected track attendance. This indicated that it is crucial to investigate the intertwined influences on educational outcomes in adolescence of both cognitive ability and the characteristics of the family of origin.Wissenschaftlicher ArtikelBand:46168 177 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Intergenerational Downward Mobility in Educational Attainment and Occupational Careers in West Germany in the Twentieth CenturyWhat happens in the occupational careers of men if the intergenerational continuity in status reproduction is disrupted by the failure to reproduce the parental level of educational attainment? We frame this failure as a risk for intergenerational status maintenance and ask whether such a risk induces extra effort by way of compensation. By studying eight birth cohorts born between 1919 and 1971 characterized by largely differing conditions with regard to educational and occupational opportunities, we examine how macro-social conditions contribute to opportunities to compensate for such failure later on. In examining this question, we add a new piece to the puzzle of how social origin and education contribute to status attainment and of how the social context shapes these linkages across historical time. We estimated multilevel growth curve models to assess the effect of educational downward mobility (EDM) on the development of occupational status over the career. Our empirical results show that the status of men who experience EDM increases faster over the course oftheir careers. Moreover, these men reach a slightly higher status as compared with their peerswho had reached at least the same educational level as their fathers. The prevailing macrosocietalconditions did not cause variation in the effect of EDM on men’s career attainment.Wissenschaftlicher ArtikelBand:31Heft:2177 191