Schreier, Margrit
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Schreier, Margrit
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Schreier, Margrit
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Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Women's Political Participation in Bangladesh Parliament : a Case Study Analysis of Women's Substantive Representation(2019-05-20); ; ; This dissertation examines the case of women legislators in Bangladesh parliament (Jatiya Sangsad).It seeks to develop a deeper understanding of the relationship between descriptive representation of women and their ability to represent on behalf of women (substantive representation of women). In this dissertation, a novel approach to categorizing womena s issues was used - distinguishing strategic and practical issues - to contextualise women issues in the context of Bangladesh. This dissertation first addresses the assumption that women legislators raise more strategic women issues (pertinent to womena s rights and wellbeing) whilst representing women in parliament, whereas men are more inclined to speak about practical women issues. This dissertation then focuses on the assumption that women can make difference in bringing women related policy changes even within a system where women legislators have limited influence on the process of policy making. The analysis of the case of the Domestic Violence Prevention Act 2010 reveals three lines of connection between womena s presence and the extent of their involvement in supporting women-friendly policy change (a proxy for enactment of substantive representation). The three paths are direct, indirect, and intervening influence. Direct influence occurs when a woman legislator, as an individual, is involved directly in policy-making through womena s increased access to political leadership positions, whereas indirect influence emerges over policy representation when womena s ability to contribute to the process is limited by the formal procedures. The intervening influence is based on the observation that the link between womena s presence and policy representation can be the result of different factors, i.e. shaped by their executive position, the role of external actors, and a women-friendly political atmosphere. This dissertation explored what makes some women legislators promote a greater level of advocacy for women than other women. Acknowledging variation among women legislators, this dissertation theorises the relationship between descriptive and substantive representation assuming that the presence of women in parliament does not automatically translate into substantive representation. Rather, a variety of macro and micro level factors can explain the variation in womena s ability to act for women. Based on its analysis of empirical data obtained from parliament records and interviews, this dissertation offers insights into a number of constraining and facilitating factors on the micro and macro level which can help explain some women legislatorsa ability to intervene on women issues. Such factors include the individual choice dimension, socio-democratic characteristics, relations with external actors, different pathways to parliament, formal and informal institutional rules, electoral aspects and political circumstances.Dissertation857 671 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Social protection and the informal workers: a case study of the health (in) security of the Beedi workers in India(2024-10-25); ; ; ; The growing informal employment, especially in developing countries, has put pressure on the state to provide social protection to a large number of workers. In India, informal employment accounts for more than 90 percent of the total employment without labour regulations and social security. One of the key challenges in ensuring social security for members of society is the growing informality around the world, especially in India. The higher level of informality in developing countries is associated with a greater prevalence of unsafe and unhealthy working conditions, lower productivity, irregular incomes, and vulnerability to shocks (Jha & Mishra, 2022). Thus, social protection is the most pressing need for this group. Realising the needs of the vast majority of the informal workers, the government of India has introduced a series of programs and policies to provide welfare benefits to the informal workers. However, these remain non-statutory in nature. The health security of informal workers is crucial among various other forms of social security. Out- of-pocket healthcare expenditure is one of the major contributing factors to India's increasing vulnerability. Healthcare expenditure in India is a major factor pushing a large number of households below the poverty line each year. Nearly two-thirds of the total healthcare spending in India comes from out-of-pocket expenditures. The majority of the total health expenditure is contributed by individual households through out-of-pocket spending at the time of illness, which has been a major cause pushing households below the poverty line. Without health security, households face out-of- pocket expenses that perpetuate the cycle of poverty. As a significant shift in the healthcare regime, the government of India identified health insurance as a way to protect poor households against the risk of health spending leading to poverty. In the last decade, two major health insurance initiatives, namely RSBY and PM-JAY, have been introduced to reduce the financial burden on households through out-of-pocket expenditure on health. Further, among the informal workers, I choose beedi workers as a case to investigate their access to health security as beedi industry is a major small-scale industry in India, predominately unorganised; it employs a majority of women workers in the unorganised sector as home-based workers. health security is crucial for beedi workers due to their continuous exposure to tobacco as an occupational health hazard. The The beedi workers, as a category of informal workers, can access social security based on their employment status through the beedi worker welfare fund and the welfare benefits of the government welfare programs through their poor citizen status. In the absence of these formal security measures, there is informal security for the beedi workers, which serves as a safety net in times of need. So far, little research has been conducted on the comprehensive analysis of the informal workers' choices and experiences in dealing with welfare programs. Thus, for this thesis, I conceptualise social security as a combination of formal and informal security, where formal security comprises the security available through employment status and citizenship status. In contrast, informal security is provided through social capital and informal security regimes. Thus, in this study, I aim to explore “how do the beedi workers deal with their health security needs?” Through this question, I explored the dynamics of the formal and informal security of the beedi workers and their choices and experiences in dealing with health security needs. To answer this research question, I employed qualitative methods such as semi-structured interviews, group discussions, and non-participatory observation. To provide a holistic picture of the dynamics of access to health security programs, I conducted interviews with the experts engaged in the program implementation to identify the gaps and challenges in the program which could impact access by the workers, together with conducting interviews with the beedi workers to understand their choices and experiences in accessing the welfare programs. I analysed the data using thematic coding and qualitative content analysis. ii The findings of the study provide an in-depth analysis of the dynamics of beedi workers' access to health security, the reasons behind non-access to health security, and the dynamics of informal security for beedi workers. The findings highlight the gaps in the implementation of health insurance programs that might impact beneficiaries' access to security. In addition to the gaps and challenges in the program implementation posing a barrier to access, other factors, such as unawareness of program features, gender, and village politics, among others, impact access to the benefits. In addition, program-specific barriers hinder the utilisation of the program benefits for beneficiaries despite enrolment and access to the health insurance program. Gender has been identified as a major barrier to access due to policy planning following the male head of the household model and the stricter social norms and patriarchal values. In addition, beedi workers choose informal security over formal security due to several factors, such as the low perceived value of the program benefits, a bad experience in the past and the uncertainty of formal security redefining the trust in the informal social network. Overall, the findings assert that the program’s outcome can be extended with better implementation initiatives. Further, there is a need for targeted initiatives to ensure that the benefits reach the target population, especially women. In this direction, the self-help groups as a microfinance initiative have the potential to reap beneficial results in the financial and social empowerment of the workers, especially the women workers. Ultimately, these findings highlight the on-ground situation of the health insurance programs and call for immediate action to improve the distribution of workers' access to these programs.Dissertation36 732 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Social representations and social media: exploring facebook and shared meanings of migration among filipino migrants in Germany(2022-12-16); ; ; ; This dissertation employs social representations (SR) theory (Moscovici, 1961/2008, 1988, 1984/2001a) to conceptualize social media as digital public spheres or online (trans)formative sites of everyday social knowledge. The thesis further relates social media to the three dimensions that make a public sphere according to Jovchelovitch & Priego-Hernandez (2015)—political, spatial, and psychosocial. This dissertation also introduces time as a fourth dimension (temporal) that brings the three dimensions together, emphasizes how social media have revolutionized people’s relationship with time and (virtual) space, and highlights how the interrelation among social media, time, and (virtual) space influence the way people as members of a community jointly develop meanings of social objects, interactions, or events—for instance, migrants and their collective constructions of their home and host lands anchored in space and time. To substantiate the above conceptualizations, this dissertation presents three empirical studies conducted through an overarching digital ethnographic methodology. Facebook is employed as the principal social media platform and research base, migration (and migration-related phenomena) as focal object of social knowledge, and Filipino migrants in Germany as the partner community and sample group. Data were gathered using mainly qualitative methods, especially participant observation, online ethnographic routines and data gathering techniques (Postill and Pink, 2012), and focus group discussions. Qualitative techniques were also used to analyze the data, except for the first empirical study where text mining methods were also employed. Overall, findings illustrate the multiple aspects of Facebook as an actively evolving and multifaceted digital site of social representations of migration in its different forms (i.e., as pragmatic-discursive content, identity and positioning dynamics, and embodied, spatio-temporal norms and artifacts) among Filipino migrants in Germany. These empirical insights in turn provide a richer, dialogical, and contextually sensitive framework by which to investigate shared meaning-making—whether as content, process, and practice—as it develops within social media, while these interactive platforms are likewise continuously transformed by the communities who use them.Dissertation711 2490