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    Item-typ:Veröffentlichung,
    How to (not) disentangle personality constructs: scrutinizing longitudinal, multi-rater, and behavioral genetic approaches
    (2025-05-12)
    Instinske, Jana 
    ;
    Neyer Franz J.
    ;
    Wagner, Jenny
    ;
    Kandler, Christian
    To disentangle the characteristic patterns that shape the uniqueness of individuals, personality is often regarded as a dynamic system composed of some more basic, stable, and consistent person-only characteristics as well as more specific and environmentally malleable person-in-environment characteristics. Prior research proposed testable criteria for examining the extent to which personality constructs might rather reflect person-only or person-in-environment characteristics. These criteria involve various empirical properties of constructs, such as their stability, observability, or heritability. Appropriate examinations hereof require comprehensive empirical data, encompassing longitudinal data from multiple measurement occasions, multi-rater data from different rater perspectives, and behavioral genetic data from twins and their family members. In the current work, I scrutinize selected methodological approaches using these three data sources in terms of their benefits and pitfalls and thus the conclusions they allow to be drawn (or not). To this end, I focus on the structural equation models that were applied within the three empirical research papers of the present dissertation, and illustrate their application by the aim of disentangling whether the potential person-only characteristic emotional stability differs from the three self-related schemata self-esteem, self-efficacy, and internal locus of control. It crystallizes that the benefits and pitfalls of any methodological approach also depend on the nature of the constructs examined. Longitudinal approaches allow to decompose variance in state measures into stable and state-specific components. Both components, however, might be more or less informative for more or less stable characteristics. Associations between constructs, as examined in cross-lagged panel models, could thus differ depending on the part of variance between which the links are estimated. Multi-rater approaches allow to decompose variance in personality measures into intersubjectively objective and rater-specific components. However, intersubjectively objective components might represent valid variance in easily observable characteristics, while rater-specific components might contain relevant and valid information on more contextualized characteristics. Overlaps of intersubjectively objective components between constructs, as examined in multitrait-multimethod models, could thus question distinctiveness or hint that constructs overlap in a specific rater-consistent part. Behavioral genetic approaches allow variance decomposition in genetic and environmental parts, whereas these components might be estimated differently based on classical twin or nuclear twin family models. Besides, genetic variance in more contextualized characteristics may be explained by more basic ones, making sole heritability estimates only conditionally insightful. Examining constructs in terms of their unique and common heritability, using common pathway models, may thus be additionally relevant. Overall, it proves essential that variance in personality measures results from an interplay of stable and state-specific, construct- and rater-specific, as well as genetic and environmental variance. Combining multiple perspectives on the sources of individual differences could serve to examine and disentangle the properties of constructs more accurately. The current dissertation therefore reveals the need for more integrative approaches using longitudinal, multi-rater, and behavioral genetic data within future research into personality differences.
    Dissertation
      106  65
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    Individual differences in effects of life events on personality trait change
    (2026-01-19)
    Oeltjen, Lara
    ;
    Bühler Janina Larissa
    ;
    Zimmermann, Johannes
    ;
    Kandler, Christian
    The overall aim of this dissertation is to investigate individual differences in the impact of major life events on different types of personality trait change. In the first paper, I introduce a statistical modeling approach, which builds on the revised Latent State-Trait (LST-R) Theory and Moderated Nonlinear Factor Analysis and is termed Moderated Nonlinear Latent State Trait (MNLST) modeling. The framework allows to model individual differences in mean-level changes, changes in trait variance and situational variability as represented in LST-R models by linking key parameters to various types of external covariates. The MNLST approach is illustrated with an application to real data and examined with a simulation study. In the second paper, I propose a new inventory for the assessment of life events, the Critical Life Event Categories Scale (CLECS) which captures 21 broader, but content-homogenous life event categories and also takes their individual perception in terms of valence and controllability into account. The frequency of the occurrence of life event categories is examined in time-intervals from one month to four years. I also investigate the predictive validity of the occurrence of life events and the nomological validity of life event perceptions. In the third paper, the MNLST approach and the CLECS are utilized to investigate individual differences in the effects of life events on different types of personality trait change. Age, gender, the individual perception of life events and their repeated occurrence are investigated as moderators of life event effects. I also examine the time-dependence of life event effects and compare self- and informant reports of personality in terms of trait change following life events.
    Dissertation
      31  33
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    The heritability of well-being across contexts: exploring variation in genetic and environmental sources of mental health
    (2026-03-06)
    Deppe, Marco
    ;
    Luhmann, Maike
    ;
    Pelt, Dirk
    ;
    Kandler, Christian
    The body of work that cumulatively forms the dissertation at hand contributes to a dynamic understanding of the genetic and environmental influences on well-being and mental health. It offers three complementary perspectives on the variation of these phenomena across contexts. Manuscript 1 on Life Satisfaction Stability and Change, currently under minor revisions at the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, focuses on the temporal structure of well-being heritability. It analyzes twin models and polygenic predictors on eight-year stable trait and trait-change measures of life satisfaction across multiple age cohorts. Manuscript 2 on Personality and Well-Being, currently in press at the European Journal of Personality, tackles the dispositional structure of well-being heritability. It applies a comparative approach to elucidate how genetic and environmental variance shared between Big Five personality traits and subjective well-being may differ across developmental stages. Manuscript 3 on Youth Depression Symptoms During COVID-19, published in the German Zeitschrift für Psychologie, extends the contextual perspective by examining the dynamics of a global situational disruption. It shows that typical predictors of depression symptoms and genetic differences were attenuated during the early stages of the pandemic and also provides evidence for plasticity and recovery of mental health. All three manuscripts analyzed data from a large population-based German twin dataset (TwinLife). Together, these studies provide longitudinal and genetically informative evidence on how the sources of well-being can vary across developmental and environmental contexts. The dissertation contributes to an integrated picture of well-being and mental health as dynamic, context-sensitive, and partially heritable phenomena.
    Dissertation
      30  41
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    Item-typ:Veröffentlichung,
    On the conceptualization and assessment of personality: a framework for the disentanglement of core dispositions from surface characteristics and validation of the german HEXACO-60 personality inventory-revised and big five inventory-2
    (2024-11-25)
    Wiechers, Yannik
    ;
    Thielmann, Isabel
    ;
    Danner, Daniel
    ;
    Kandler, Christian
    Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Dissertation veranschaulicht wie Konzepte der Persönlichkeit differenziert, organisiert sowie integriert werden können und liefert Belege für die Validität zweier Messinstrumente zur Persönlichkeitsbeurteilung. Ein nützliches Persönlichkeitsmodell muss sowohl breit genug sein, um alle wichtigen Aspekte umfassend zu erfassen, als auch geradlinig genug, um in der Praxis anwendbar zu sein. Hierbei wird argumentiert, dass die Persönlichkeit durch tief verwurzelte Kerndispositionen (core dispositions) und ihre kontextuell variierenden Anpassungen, die als Oberflächenmerkmale (surface characteristics) gelten, zum Ausdruck kommt. Es wird eine Begründung für diese Unterscheidung gegeben und ein Framework angeboten, das die Identifizierung und Differenzierung von Kerndispositionen und Oberflächenmerkmalen ermöglicht. Das vorgestellte Framework besteht aus mehreren Kriterien, die alle von einer angenommenen Kerndisposition erfüllt werden müssen, um als solche anerkannt zu werden. Zwei prominente Ansätze für die Erfassung von Kerndispositionen sind das HEXACO und das Big Five Persönlichkeitsmodell, die Persönlichkeit in sechs beziehungsweise fünf breite Dimensionen unterteilen. Diese können wiederrum in schmalere Facetten untergliedert werden. In diesem Zusammenhang ist es von wesentlicher Bedeutung, dass man sich darauf verlassen kann, dass die zur Messung von Persönlichkeit verwendeten Instrumente zuverlässig, valide und nützlich sind. Daher wurde die psychometrische Qualität des deutschen HEXACO-60 und Big Five Inventar 2 (BFI-2) geprüft. Hierbei wurden die Selbstberichtform und erstmalig auch die Fremdberichtform evaluiert. Jede Form der beiden Fragebögen erwies sich als psychometrisch solide. Die Dissertation bescheinigt somit die solide Grundlage der Selbst-und Fremdberichtformen des deutschen HEXACO-60 und BFI-2, auf der künftige Forschung bei der Untersuchung von Forschungsfragen innerhalb des Frameworks zur Identifizierung von Kerndispositionen und darüber hinaus bauen können. Summary The current dissertation illustrates how personality concepts can be differentiated, organized and integrated and provides evidence for the validity of personality assessment via two measurement instruments. A useful model of personality must be broad enough to comprehensively cover all important aspects yet be parsimonious enough to be applicable in practice. It is argued that personality is expressed by deeply rooted core dispositions and their contextually varying adaptations which are deemed to be surface characteristics. A justification for this distinction is given and a framework is offered that enables the identification of core dispositions by distinguishing them from surface characteristics. This presented framework is composed of several criteria which must all be met by a proposed core disposition in order to be approved as such. Two prominent approaches for comprehending core dispositions are the HEXACO and the Big Five model of personality that categorize personality into six or five broad dimensions, respectively. These in turn can be further subdivided into narrower facets. In this regard, it is essential that one can trust the tools being used for measuring personality to be reliable, valid and useful. Therefore, the psychometric quality of the German HEXACO-60 and Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) was put under close scrutiny. Notably, the self-report forms and for the first time, the informant-report forms were evaluated. Each form of the two questionnaires was demonstrated to be a psychometrically sound measure. The dissertation attested the solid foundation of the German HEXACO-60 and BFI-2 self-and informant-report forms that future research can build upon in the pursuit of research questions within the framework for the identification of core dispositions and beyond.
    Dissertation
      136  363