Evolution of a buried moat–drift system in the Ewing Terrace uncovering highly dynamic bottom currents at the Argentine margin from the early Oligocene to middle Miocene

Abstract

The Ewing Terrace is a relatively flat surface formed by the action of bottom-currents and part of a Contourite Depositional System (CDS) at the Argentine continental slope. It is situated in a highly complex oceanographic setting at the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence Zone. Located in water depths of ~1000–1200 m and incised by the Mar del Plata Canyon, the Ewing Terrace is separated into the Northern Ewing Terrace (NET) and the Southern Ewing Terrace (SET). The long-term variations in ocean circulation led to a complex internal architecture of the terrace. As a result, this region represents a unique archive for studying sedimentary features that were eroded, transported, and deposited by along- and down-slope processes. An in-depth data analysis of high-resolution multichannel seismic profiles exhibits a complex sequence of erosional and depositional contouritic features, namely buried moat-drift systems identified in depths of ~ 370-750 m below the seafloor. They are arranged in migrating sequences and clustered in the Early Oligocene to Middle Miocene. This pattern is probably attributable to the vertical shift of water masses and to a highly dynamic oceanographic setting with spatial changes influenced by the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence Zone over this particular geological time. The moat-drift systems reveal significant lateral changes from north to south. In the southern area of the SET, the moats are constructional, and the associated separated mounded drifts are well developed. In contrast, the northern area exhibits two types of moats, reminiscent of cut-and-fill structures that mirror the significant and rapid changes in bottom current dynamics. With these new insights, this study contributes to a better understanding of moat-drift systems and improves the knowledge about past oceanographic dynamics and sediment deposition at the northern Argentine margin.