Social policy dynamics in Iran. A critical study of the post-1979 revolutionary era

Abstract

This research examines the dynamics of social policies in Iran over the 45 years following the 1979 revolution. During this period, welfare policies have fluctuated significantly and been subject to various contradictory analyses. Researchers often present conflicting views by focusing on specific aspects. The study critiques the unified approach to understanding the post-revolutionary period, emphasizing the need to consider the complex interplay of various factors. By reviewing changes related to economic indicators, socio-political factors, and dominant ideologies, seven distinct phases were identified:

1. Mustazafin Matters, Revolution, and War (1979-1988) 2. The Neoliberal Shift (1989-1996) 3. The Social Security System (1997-2004) 4. Welfare Expansion based on Oil Revenues (2005-2008) 5. Cash Transfer under Intensified Sanctions (2009-2012) 6. Unstable Recovery and Hope (2013-2016) 7. Despair and Drastic Adjustments (2017–2024)

Each phase exhibits unique policy characteristics, providing a comprehensive understanding of social policy changes. This approach enables comparative analysis, revealing that social security has been the most dynamic policy area, while housing policies have remained relatively passive.

The research highlights the instability of the post-revolutionary period, marked by fluctuating government revenues, external conflicts, and varying international relations. The methodology employs qualitative analysis, supplemented by secondary data and expert interviews, to ensure robustness and validity. The findings indicate that multiple internal and external events and significant fluctuations in Iran's conditions preclude a single-theory explanation for the post-revolutionary period. Social policy changes in Iran result from these diverse and dynamic contextual factors rather than a specific collective will or the agenda of any particular political party or social movement.