Contourite and mixed turbidite-contourite systems in the Mozambique Channel (SW Indian Ocean): Link between geometry, sediment characteristics and modelled bottom currents

Abstract

Oceanic currents can profoundly reshape the seafloor and even modify the characteristics of turbidite systems. Multiple erosional and depositional features directly formed by bottom currents (i.e. contourites), as well as by the interaction between bottom currents and turbidity currents or turbidite systems (i.e. mixed turbidite-contourite systems) have been identified in the Mozambique Channel (SW Indian Ocean) in multibeam bathymetry, seismic reflection data, sub-bottom profiler images and sediment cores. In this study, we characterise the morphology, stacking pattern and sedimentary characteristics of these sedimentary systems and analysed the properties of bottom currents at these systems using a hydrodynamic numerical model. Modelled bottom currents are the highest at abraded surfaces and moats, but they also display a relatively high variability, suggesting that the observed erosion is not the result of a constant or persistent current but rather of episodes of intense circulation. Modelled bottom currents at contourite terraces are not significantly different from currents at related plastered drifts, where accumulation is enhanced. The formation of contourite terraces can thus not solely be explained by the mean oceanic circulation and eddies, implying that other processes such as internal waves may play a relevant role in their formation. Three different types of mixed turbidite-contourite systems were observed: one characterised by asymmetric channel-levee systems formed by the synchronous interaction of bottom currents and turbidity currents, one characterised by a phased interaction that resulted in the erosion of the channel flanks by bottom currents, and another one in which both synchronous and phased interaction played a relevant role in the evolution of the system. Finally, we propose a simplified classification of contourites that can be applied to any contourite system worldwide, and that comprises erosional and depositional features, including muddy and sandy contourite deposits.