Schmitt, Carina
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Item type:Publication, The coverage of social protection in the Global SouthAbout 73% of the global population is not, or is only partly, covered by social protection. Particularly across low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) social protection coverage is highly heterogeneous. What explains the large differences in the inclusiveness of social protection across LMICs? By analysing 100 LMICs using retirement schemes as an example, this study shows that non-contributory schemes in LMICs are, by far, more inclusive than contributory ones. Surprisingly, democratic institutions characterised by low levels of political corruption only promote the inclusiveness of non-contributory social protection while reducing the coverage of contributory schemes.BookBand:29182 240 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Partisan differences and the interventionist state in advanced democraciesWe present new evidence on whether political parties still matter in economic policy-making. We investigate four policy instruments (changes in product market regulation (PMR), subsidies, business taxation, social spending) in 21 OECD countries between 1980 and 2015. We systematically consider how cabinet duration and the challenges of globalization, the EU and economic problems (debt, unemployment, economic growth) condition partisan differences. Partisan differences only really make themselves felt after about one term in office. Moreover, with the exception of PMR, partisan differences tend to become more pronounced as globalization increases while European integration does not condition partisan effects. The conditioning effect of domestic economic problems on partisan differences depends on a policy instrument’s salience. In highly salient issue areas (social expenditure, corporate taxation), we only find partisan differences when problems are low; in contrast, economic problems emphasize partisan differences in non-salient issue areas (PMR, subsidies).journal articleBand:17Heft:4230 194 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Partisan Politics and Privatization in OECD CountriesMany scholars have argued that partisan differences have disappeared since the 1980s due to ever increasing economic globalization and the deepening of European integration. Using a new primary data set on public ownership that contains detailed information on privatization in 20 countries between 1980 and 2007, we test these claims empirically in relation to state ownership. We pay special attention to the question of whether changes in the international political economy, notably globalization and different aspects of European integration, condition partisan politics. Our empirical findings suggest that political parties have continued to significantly shape national privatization trajectories in line with the classic partisan hypothesis. While partisan differences are somewhat reduced by the liberalizing and market-building efforts of the EU, globalization does not condition partisan effects. Moreover, the run-up to EMU even seems to have reinforced partisan differences.journal articleBand:47Heft:9200 180 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Verfassungsschranken und die Privatisierung öffentlicher Dienstleistungen im internationalen VergleichDieser Beitrag untersucht den Einfluss von Verfassungsschranken auf die Privatisierung öffentlicher Dienstleistungen von 1980 bis 2009 in 21 OECD-Staaten. Dabei präsentieren wir sowohl für Privatisierung als auch für die verfassungsrechtlichen Rahmenbedingungen neue und verbesserte Indikatoren. Mit den empirischen Ergebnissen lässt sich dreierlei eindrucks-voll zeigen: Erstens unterscheiden sich die Privatisierungsverläufe teilweise erheblich zwischen Ländern und Sektoren. Zweitens sind die nationalen Verfassungsschranken für Privatisierung stark unterschiedlich ausgeprägt. Drittens erweisen sich Verfassungsschranken im empirischen Test im Einklang mit unserer Hypothese als Privatisierungshindernis.journal articleBand:51144 86 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The Diffusion of Privatization in Europe: Political Affinity or Economic Competition?Privatization has spread around the globe. While a number of studies find empirical evidence for the diffusion of privatization it remains unclear what the relevant linkages between states are. This paper analyses whether it is economic competition or political affinity that influences the diffusion of privatizing public utilities. The sample includes telecommunications, postal, and railway providers as the main network-based utilities operating at the national level in 15 European countries from 1980 until 2007. The results of the spatial regressions clearly show that governments follow each other for economic reasons. Trading partners strategically interact when privatizing their national public-utility providers, for example, to form strategic cross-border company alliances and to avoid competitive disadvantages in the global market. This applies particularly to economies that are highly integrated in the international market. Surprisingly, political and ideological similarities do not seem to matter for the diffusion of privatization.journal articleBand:92Heft:3122 110 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The impact of the Second World War on postwar social spendingThe huge quantitative literature on post-war social spending almost entirely neglected war as a possible explanatory factor of social spending dynamics. Given the mass carnage and the enormous social needs caused by World War II this is quite astonishing. This paper examines for the first time, whether and in what ways World War II affected cross-national differences in public social spending of 18 Western welfare states over the course of the Golden Age. Using panel regressions, we find that World War II strongly affected social spending until the late 1960s. Our evidence demonstrates that the Second World War is not simply a temporal watershed structuring different phases of welfare state development but rather a crucial factor for understanding cross-national differences in welfare efforts and social expenditure dynamics in the post-war period.journal articleBand:57Heft:2194 351 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Policy Diffusion and Policy Transfer in Comparative Welfare State ResearchFor many years comparative welfare state research has followed a ‘methodological nationalism’ in the sense that countries were treated as independent units. Yet the recent ‘spatial turn’ in comparative politics has also influenced welfare state research. For some years now, the field has been witnessing a growing interest in questions about interdependencies and policy diffusion between countries. In this paper, we provide a structured overview of the state of the art in the policy diffusion and transfer literature that deals specifically with social policy. We present and critically evaluate existing theoretical concepts and quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches that enable the analysis of interdependencies between countries. Moreover, we summarize the empirical findings of quantitative and qualitative studies on the diffusion and transfer of social policy, from some pioneering studies to the latest findings. Against this background we point out what we believe to be promising avenues for future research. We focus on five areas: i) theoretical work on the mechanisms underlying diffusion and transfer, ii) methodological approaches, iii) the impact of domestic institutions and policy characteristics on social policy diffusion and transfer, iv) programme-specific dynamics, and v) the systematic combination of horizontal and vertical interdependencies.journal articleBand:47Heft:1207 147 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, The Employment Effects of Privatizing Public Utilities in OECD CountriesThis paper examines whether the privatization of network based utilities in developed countries leads to a retrenchment of the workforce. The panel regressions reveal, first, privatization does indeed lead to a reduction in the number of employees in the sectors concerned. Second, it is not typically the new investors themselves who implement the reduction. The downsizing takes place while the state is still the unique shareholder. Third, even though left-wing parties also implement privatization or at least not hamper, the results show that the displacement of workers is lower when left-wing parties dominate the cabinet.journal articleBand:16Heft:8158 168 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Culture, Closeness, or Commerce? Policy Diffusion and Social Spending DynamicsIn a globalized world where trans- and supranational networks, communication and the exchange of information gain in importance, national political decision making processes do not occur independently from each other. Policy diffusion is assumed to become more and more relevant also for welfare state development. This paper explicitly focuses on the policy diffusion among 21 OECD countries in the period between 1980 and 2007 looking at social spending dynamics. The empirical findings of the spatial regressions clearly indicate that spatial patterns in social spending dynamics are driven by policy diffusion processes. In fact, economic interdependencies define the pathways of diffusion. Trading partners move in the same direction regarding social policy behavior. Surprisingly, cultural and geographical proximity are less relevant for the diffusion processes, at least in terms of social spending dynamics.journal articleBand:19Heft:2146 126 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Der Einfluss von Zivilgesellschaft und Lokalregierungen auf Investitionen in die Daseinsvorsorge. Empirische Evidenz aus EcuadorFür eine Verbesserung der Lebensverhältnisse in den ärmsten Regionen der Welt ist die Versorgung mit Basisgütern grundlegende Voraussetzung. In Ecuador ist die Provinzebene für die Bereitstellung dieser Güter in ländlichen Gebieten verantwortlich. Die Investitionen der Provinz in Güter der Daseinsvorsorge fallen zwischen den ländlichen Gemeinden sehr unterschiedlich aus. Der vorliegende Beitrag fragt nach den Bestimmungsfaktoren für diese Varianz. Die empirischen Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Verteilung knapper Mittel nicht von gesellschaftlichen Bedürfnisstrukturen, sondern vielmehr von strategischen Machtinteressen der an der Entscheidung beteiligten politischen Akteure abhängig ist. Der theoretisch erwartete und entwicklungspolitisch erhoffte Einfluss lokaler politischer Akteure und der Zivilgesellschaft kann empirisch nicht bestätigt werden.journal articleBand:3126 84