Kopfer, HerbertVornhusen, BenediktBenediktVornhusen2020-03-092020-03-092018-03-01https://media.suub.uni-bremen.de/handle/elib/1390Vehicle routing with ecological objectives is much more challenging than vehicle routing with classical objectives such as distance minimization. First, a reasonable forecast of the amount of consumed energy respectively produced emissions is required to get input data for the optimization of ecological friendly routes. Furthermore, electric vehicles and combustion-powered vehicles differ substantially with respect to several characteristic factors that have major impacts on vehicle routing. This PhD-theses presents an analyses and a comparison of several emission calculation models as well as several studies on vehicle routing with ecological objectives and heterogeneous fleets. First, the effect of split deliveries is shown. Second, electric vehicles are opposed to combustion-powered vehicles. Third, the impact of introducing recharge stations for electric vehicles is analyzed. Finally, the characteristics of idealized mixed fleets are analyzed as well as the identification of small heterogeneous fleets that consume only small amounts of additional energy compared to an idealized fleet consisting of an arbitrarily large number of vehicles.deinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessVehicle RoutingElectric Powered and Combustion Powered VehiclesEmissions ForecastHeterogeneous FleetsEnergy ConsumptionEmissions330Dissertationurn:nbn:de:gbv:46-00106440-19