Unable to innovate or just bad circumstances? Comparing the innovation system of a state-led and market-based economy

State socialism failed due to its inner contradictions. Despite huge investments in R&D-
intensive industries, the soviet-type economy collapsed in 1989 in Eastern Germany,
and the market-based system in the Western part prevailed. We compare the two parallel existing innovation systems in Germany to shed light on the success and failure of the state-led innovation system. Based on newly created indicators from archive data we show in a natural experiment setting that modernization efforts in relation to GDP was much bigger in the socialist as compared to the market economy in the last decades.These achievements, however, could not fully unfold in favor of economic growth due to obstacles related to the setting of research priorities, innovation incentives, and knowledge flow.