Heinicke, Christiane
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Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, The MaMBA-concept for an extraterrestrial base and its first module mock-upHabitats must enable astronauts to survive in an extraterrestrial environment, but the challenge is not only a technological one: architecture and engineering should be brought together to create an environment in which a crew can perform optimally. With missions to Mars in mind, crew mental health becomes a design driver equally important to the support of physiological functions. We here suggest a habitat concept, MaMBA (short for Moon and Mars Base Analog), which combines the two requirements. In its basic configuration, MaMBA consists of six upright cylindrical, hard-shell pressure vessels as main modules and two airlocks, which are all connected with inflatable corridor modules. We present the current state of the design and particularly focus on the laboratory module, of which we have constructed a mock-up equipped with scientific instrumentation. In the long-term, we plan to develop this laboratory module into a functional prototype including subsystems such as the life support system. Eventually, we aim to create a habitat which can serve as a test platform (for technologies, operations, and procedures) and whose usability is continually validated through iterative testing with human inhabitants. The habitat is open to international partners for simulations.Wissenschaftlicher Artikel183 261 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, The MaMBA facility as a testbed for bioregenerative life support systemsThe Moon and Mars Base Analog (MaMBA) is a concept for an extraterrestrial habitat developed at the Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM) in Bremen, Germany. The long-term goal of the associated project is to create a technologically functioning prototype for a base on the Moon and on Mars. One key aspect of developing such a prototype base is the integration of a bioregenerative life support system (BLSS) and its testing under realistic conditions. A long-duration mission to Mars, in particular, will require BLSS with a reliability that can hardly be reached without extensive testing, starting well in advance of the mission. Standards exist for comparing the capabilities of various BLSS, which strongly focus on technological aspects. These, we argue, should be complemented with the use of facilities that enable investigations and optimization of BLSS prototypes with regard to their requirements on logistics, training, recovery from failure and contamination, and other constraints imposed when humans are in the loop. Such facilities, however, are lacking. The purpose of this paper is to present the MaMBA facility and its potential usages that may help close this gap. We describe how a BLSS (or parts of a BLSS) can be integrated into the current existing mock-up at the ZARM for relatively low-cost investigations of human factors affecting the BLSS. The MaMBA facility is available through collaborations as a test platform for characterizing, benchmarking, and testing BLSS under nominal and off-nominal conditions.Wissenschaftlicher ArtikelBand:3659 48 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Equipping an extraterrestrial laboratory: Overview of open research questions and recommended instrumentation for the Moon(Elsevier Science, 2021-05-10); ; ; ; Humans are once again preparing to leave Earth and land on the surface of another planetary body. The two objects high on the list for permanent bases are the Moon and Mars. Both have been at the center of attention of many recent spaceflight activities, albeit these have so far been uncrewed. If humans indeed land on either one of them, science can potentially benefit tremendously. In the past, most spaceflight missions have been implemented by adding scientific instruments after most of the engineering work is already finished. This has often limited scientific studies to relatively scattered, insular topics. However, if prepared appropriately, a research laboratory on either the Moon or Mars can help address scientific questions thoroughly and at a fundamental level. In this paper we review the main scientific questions relating to the Moon that are still open and develop an overview of the instrumentation that would be necessary for a human astronaut inside a lunar laboratory to help answer these questions. Our primary focus is the Moon, however, we include an outlook to Mars, since we assume that the Moon not only provides a valuable testbed for many technologies to be used on Mars, but that both can be studied with the same habitat laboratory after some specific adaptations. The research areas we focus on are related to (a) non-living matter (geophysics, geology, materials science), (b) extraterrestrial life (from chemistry of organic carbon compounds to astrobiology), and (c) life inside the human habitat (bioregenerative life-support systems, microbiomes, human physiology). We identify synergies between disciplines, in order to provide a list of priorities to mission planners, and provide a guideline of where further development of equipment would be desirable.Wissenschaftlicher Artikel146 345 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Computational modeling of a ventilation concept for a lunar habitat laboratoryHuman spaceflight demands systems like habitats that provide a livable environment for humans on long duration missions on other planets. This challenge includes the layout of several life support subsystems according to comfort criteria, including air management and the ventilation of supply air. A main goal of the ventilation system is to ensure a comfortable room climate with fresh air while being able to remove waste heat of other habitat systems. In this project we propose a ventilation distribution for a habitat laboratory using the design of MaMBA (Moon and Mars Base Analog) as an example geometry. We evaluate its performance with different exhaust configurations and boundary conditions via numerical simulations with OpenFOAM 6s’ buoyantBoussinesqPimpleFoam solver. Comfort criteria are set according to literature values to ensure a good mixing of the supply and ambient air with a low probability of uncomfortable drafts. First results showed that a cooling system with only one cooling loop, the room ventilation, does not provide an acceptable solution. Therefore a secondary cooling loop, rack ventilation, is proposed. It absorbs the heat of the electrical devices like the scientific instruments, inside the racks, and releases heated air at the rack's bottom in the direction of the room exhaust vents. The combination of two cooling loops can fulfill most of the comfort criteria and should therefore be integrated in the design of the habitat's ventilation system.Wissenschaftlicher ArtikelBand:9Heft:243 20 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, 77 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Communication quality affects performance of astronauts and support teams through increased workload: Insights from the AMADEE-20 analog Mars mission(Elsevier Science, 2023-05-18); ; ; Astronaut crews and ground control support teams are highly interdependent teams that need to communicate effectively to achieve a safe mission - despite being separated by large distances. Team communication quality with its facets clarity of objectives and information flow, is a key coordination process to achieve high team performance and task satisfaction. Especially in interdependent teams working in extreme environments with time-delayed communications, the team's success is threatened if communication is ineffective. In this study, we hypothesized that communication quality affects two key team outcomes, performance and task satisfaction, and that these effects can be explained by increases in workload (effort and frustration). Hypotheses were tested during the AMADEE-20 analog Mars mission hosted by the Austrian Space Forum. The analog astronauts (AA) were supported by an On-Site-Support (OSS) team and a remote Mission-Support-Centre (MSC) team. The MSC was the only contact line for both AA and OSS, and the communication between them had a one-way time delay of 10 min. Our study consisted of three runs in which members across the three different multiteam systems had to exchange information to solve an interdependent task. We measured communication quality, effort and frustration, task satisfaction, and team performance. Results show that clarity of objectives and information flow positively impacted multiteam system performance. Furthermore, clarity of objectives reduced experienced effort and this in turn enhances team performance. High levels of information flow reduced experienced frustration, which in turn enhanced task satisfaction. Our findings show that these facets of communication quality are essential for multiteam systems that work separated from each other by a distance. We stress that specific (team) communication training for astronauts and support personnel will be key to effective teamwork during future Mars missions, and thus to overall mission success.Wissenschaftlicher ArtikelBand:210421 101