Kühnen, Ulrich
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Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, The Role of basic psychological needs satisfaction for the psychological well-being and social-cultural integration of refugees in Rhino Camp Refugee Settlement, Uganda(2023-09-26); ; ; ; There is a gap in the psychology literature about the relevance of basic psychological needs satisfaction (BPNS) among refugees in sub-Saharan African contexts. This study examined the role of basic psychological needs satisfaction for the psychological well-being and social-cultural integration of refgees and Ugandans. The objectives of this study were: 1. To explore the factors that influence the psychological well-being or frustration of both refugees and Ugandans; 2. To examine the relationship among basic psychological needs satisfaction (autonomy, relatedness and competence) plus adjustment and psychological well-being of refugees and Ugandan nationals (host community); 3. To determine whether social-cultural integration is related to psychological well-being among refugees. In this case, three studies were conducted for each of the objectives above. For Study One (Objective One), data were collected through nine focus group discussions with 54 participants. The interview questions asked about issues that frustrated or encouraged their psychological well-being. For Study Two (Objective Two), structured questionnaires that assessed basic psychological needs satisfaction, adjustment and psychological well-being were used. Data was collected from 500 participants (250 refugees, 250 Ugandans). Study Three (Objective Three) aimed to explore whether social-cultural integration was related to psychological well-being among refugees. Participants were refugees aged 18 years and above. The study had 250 respondents, gender being equally distributed. Data were collected with structured questionnaires. For the first study, thematic analysis was used to understand the factors that influenced the psychological well-being or frustration of both refugees and Ugandan nationals (the host community). For the second study, structural equation modelling was used to test whether basic psychological needs satisfaction (autonomy, competence, and relatedness) and adjustment were related to psychological well-being among refugees in the Rhino Camp refugee settlement and Ugandans (hosting community). In the third study, linear regression analyses were used to explain whether social-cultural integration was related to psychological well-being only among refugees. These kinds of analyses gave a clear rationale for the application of exploratory sequential design and, moreover, a mixed methods approach for this dissertation. The study findings from the three different studies are as follows: From Study One, after conducting a thematic analysis, ten themes emerged that contribute to the psychological well-being or frustration of refugees and the host community, and these were: food availability, family separation and death, good security in the refugee camp, provision of health services, access to free education, the role of mental health and psychosocial support, unfavourable farmland, availability of employment and income-generating activities, collaboration and peer support, and delayed resettlement within or outside Uganda. In Study Two, the findings indicated that basic psychological needs satisfaction was an important factor for the psychological well-being of both refugees and Ugandans in the hosting community. Study Three regression analysis results indicated that social-cultural integration was significantly related to psychological well-being among refugees. Interestingly, autonomy, relatedness, and adjustment were found to matter for the psychological well-being of both groups, whereas competence did not matter for any group. Study limitations: All studies focused only on adults aged 18 years and above. Future studies should include children in the assessments in order to understand whether basic psychological need satisfaction among children contributes to their psychological well-being. In the third study, the host community (Ugandans) was not involved. If they were included, it could help to understand how the host community copes with the new culture and various practices of refugees. Furthermore, the study findings were limited to respondents in the refugee camp and those neighbouring the refugee settlement; therefore, we do not claim that these findings represent Ugandans who are many miles away from the camp. In future considerations, people who have no link or proximity to the refugee settlement should be studied. The study, however, contributes to the literature on understanding how social-cultural integration influences psychological well-being among refugees in Africa. The study also adds to the literature that supports how basic psychological needs satisfaction is relevant to promoting the psychological well-being of refugees and Ugandans. This could be extended to other parts of the country and even across Africa. Several recommendations emerge to guide community-based psychological interventions, which may improve the psychological well-being of refugees and host community members. Future studies could aim at focusing on the possibilities of improving the basic psychological needs satisfaction of refugees and the host community for better psychological well-being. As this study found that adjustment contributed to psychological well-being, a recommendation is made to facilitate more possibilities of positive adjustment among individuals that may suffer from frustration or any form of disruptions due to man-made or natural disasters. Refugees, for example, should be engaged in decision-making and empowered in aspects of self-reliance as this would promote autonomy and competence, respectively. Activities promoting peaceful co-existence to foster relatedness have been found to be contributing factors to psychological well-being among Ugandans and refugees.Dissertation439 242 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, The negative secondary transfer effect: underlying processes and facilitating conditions(2024-07-18); ; ; ; Background The Secondary Transfer Effect (hereafter: STE) describes how contact with members of a (primary) outgroup alters also evaluations of uninvolved, secondary outgroups. Positive contact leads to better evaluations (positive STE), negative contact to worse evaluations (negative STE). Literature proposes three different kinds of underlying mechanisms (in methodological terms mediators). For mediators involving the outgroup (like ‘threat’ and ‘attitude generalization’), contact affects secondary outgroup evaluations by shifting primary outgroup evaluations. For mediators involving the ingroup (like ‘ingroup pride’), contact affects secondary outgroup evaluations by shifting ingroup evaluations. For mediators involving the self (like ‘multiculturalism’), contact affects secondary outgroup evaluations by shifting the ideological worldview. Literature also suggests facilitating conditions for STE processes. Similarity in stereotype content associated with involved outgroups would facilitate threat or attitude generalization, and salience of recalled cultural elements STE via multiculturalism. Objective This dissertation tackles several gaps in STE research. Research gap 1 concerns the lack of research on negative STE. Research gap 2 concerns the recurring practice to study STE mediators cross-sectionally (which cannot disentangle implied causal sequences), focus on few theorized processes beyond attitude generalization, and study them one-at-a-time (which makes it difficult to disentangle or compare them). Research gap 3 concerns the fact that above mentioned facilitating conditions for STE processes were rarely empirically investigated in comparative study designs. Lastly, emergent results may help tackle the open question of whether positive and negative STE occur oppositely via the same processes. Methods Using secondary survey data, three studies are conducted. They draw upon a sample of native Germans who took part in the German ALLBUS survey and subsequently three waves of the GESIS panel. This enabled a multi-context investigation by three different primary outgroups: Foreigners living in Germany (Study 1; N= 1553 & Study 2; N= 390), Muslims living in Germany (Study 3, scenario A; N= 385) or Sinti & Roma living in Germany (Study 3, scenario B; N= 396). Data collection happened between 2015 and 2017 during the so-called 'Refugee crisis'. Refugees are thus always the secondary outgroup. Study 1 investigates positive and negative STE cross-sectionally via attitude generalization, multiculturalism, and ingroup pride within a parallel mediation path model using manifest indicators. Open answers to a question on conception of the group lable ‘Foreigners’ aided identifying respondents that perceived primary and secondary outgroup as overlapping. Study 2 longitudinally investigates STE via attitude generalization, multiculturalism, and threat within a parallel mediation CLPM with manifest indicators, accompanied by power analyses. Study 3, replicates study 2 within two further intergroup contexts, varying by primary outgroup. External classification frameworks are employed to assess similarity in stereotype content and salience of recalled cultural elements, and then hypothesize about the emergence of STE mediators. All studies include a control measure of secondary outgroup contact. Results Study 1 finds cross-sectional evidence for positive and negative STE, directly or indirectly via attitude generalization and multiculturalism (but not via ingroup pride). Study 2 longitudinally replicates finding the STE mechanisms from study 1, but finds no evidence for STE via primary outgroup threat. Scenario A of study 3 (primary outgroup 'Muslims') finds longitudinal evidence for positive and negative STE via multiculturalism (but not via attitude generalization or threat) and direct positive (but not direct negative) STE. Scenario B of study 3 (primary outgroup 'Sinti & Roma') finds longitudinal evidence for direct positive and negative STE, but no evidence for STE via attitude generalization, threat or multiculturalism. Findings from study 3 did not always reflect the hypothesized similarity-based emergence of mediators. Statistically significant longitudinal STE paths had satisfactory statistical power. Discussion & conclusion In summary this dissertation helps tackle the identified research gaps within the conducted studies: more research on negative STE is conducted (c.f. Research Gap 1), whereby longitudinal study designs are utilized (c.f. Research Gap 2) and a multi-context investigation that uses similarity classification systems to empirically investigate theorized facilitating conditions (c.f. Research Gap 3). All studies found empirical evidence for negative STE within the context of the ‘Refugee Crisis’ in Germany, where individuals likely generalized from past contact experiences with other migrant outgroups to form an opinion on the newly arrived refugees. Negative STE thus seems to be a phenomenon that may co-occur with positive STE and (as the results indicate) via the same processes but in the opposite direction. These processes may include direct STE, attitude generalization or multiculturalism (which could newly be established as a mediator of negative STE). No indication for STE via threat or ingroup pride emerged in the investigated scenarios. However, the results indicate a contextually instable nature of STE. It remains yet unclear whether this contextuality can indeed be systematically linked to similarity in stereotype content as theory proposed. Methodologically refined further comparative experimental research seems necessary.Dissertation136 139 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, More or enough: maximizing and satisficing in different socio-ecological contexts(2021-12-16); ; ; ; The thesis aimed to understand maximizing (seeking better options) and satisficing (choosing a good enough option) in rural and metropolitan contexts of a country in transition of India. The overall prediction is that socio-cultural, market and economic factors favouring open market system would lead to higher maximizing in people in metropolitan regions than people in the rural regions. Two studies through field surveys were carried out in the rural and metropolitan region of Northern India, with farmers and corporate employees respectively (N = 893). The first study primarily focussed on the cultural, market and economic factors of individualism-collectivism, achievement motivation, neoliberal orientation, and socio-economic amenities. The study was carried out with 466 participants in the rural and metropolitan regions. The findings show that maximizing was higher among the corporate employees than farmers, and this difference was mediated by neoliberal orientation and socio-economic status. The second study examined the effects of relational mobility, perception of tight versus loose social norms, hierarchic self-interest, and perception of necessity and luxury. The study was carried out with 427 participants among farmers and corporate employees. The findings show that that higher maximizing among the corporate employees was explained by higher relational mobility and higher importance of luxury than among the rural participants. The above findings show increasing maximizing preferences are caused by a change in socio-relational structure and shift in necessities due to increasing neoliberalism and urbanization. This has implications for social change and decision preferences in the developing countries.Dissertation419 562 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Honor, dignity, and migration: navigating cultural norms and threat responses among native Indians, Germans, and Indian migrants in Germany(2024-12-18); ; ; ; The present dissertation examines the role of honor and dignity norms in individual reactions to threats against one’s reputation and intrinsic sense of being among two distinct groups: natives of honor and dignity cultures, and migrants transitioning from honor to dignity cultures. In doing so, it addresses three key research questions: how are honor and dignity perceived as distinct aspects of self-worth in honor and dignity cultures; are there differences in the endorsement of these norms between natives of these cultures and migrants who move between them; and what role do these norms play in one’s reactions when their honor and dignity are threatened. To address these questions, the thesis employs a mixed-methods approach. It begins with a qualitative exploratory study involving focus group discussions conducted in India and Germany, which were chosen as representative cases of honor and dignity cultures, respectively. This study aimed to explore what people in these cultural contexts mean when they act in the name of honor or strive to uphold dignity. Building on the insights from this qualitative work, a subsequent quantitative study was conducted which tested the norm endorsement and reactions to different threat scenarios, developed from the qualitative findings, among native Indians, Germans, and Indian migrants in Germany. The findings from both studies make important contributions to two broad areas: acculturation within the honor-dignity paradigm; and the understanding of dignity as a facet of self-worth. These contributions have important implications for broader research in cross-cultural psychology, particularly within the honor-dignity framework, as well as practical applications in the context of migrant integration and cross-culturally sensitive interpersonal behavior.Dissertation171 227 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Beyond distrust: are meta-ethical beliefs the key to understanding anti-atheist prejudice?(2020-07-21); ; ; The present dissertation is focused on the analysis of anti-atheist prejudice in Poland, one of the most religious countries worldwide. In the thesis, I present a novel synthesis of the current theoretical framework of anti-atheist research (religious prosociality hypothesis, Norenzayan & Shariff, 2008; sociofunctional approach to prejudice, Cottrell & Neuberg, 2005) with a notion of meta-ethical beliefs. Specifically, I propose that meta-ethical beliefs rooted in the divine command theory (of which the main assertion is that what is right and wrong is determined by the will of God, Adams, 1979) are closely connected with atheist distrust, the core component of anti-atheist prejudice (Gervais, Shariff, & Norenzayan, 2011). Four studies have been conducted within the framework of the thesis, one of which was devoted to the validation of a meta-ethical beliefs questionnaire, developed for the purpose of the dissertation. The findings highlight the importance of both beliefs on divine origins of morality and distrust towards atheists with regard to the relationship between intrinsic religiosity and anti-atheist prejudice. This suggests that perception of morality, and not only perception of atheists themselves, is crucial to anti-atheism research. Furthermore, evidence for mutual religion-based prejudice (anti-theist & anti-atheist) has been found, the dynamics of which will have to be taken into account in the future studies.Dissertation491 449 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Promoting and Assessing Students' Intercultural Competence Development : the Role of Self-Reflection, Peer-Learning, and Multi-Method Assessment(2018-12-17); ; ; This doctoral dissertation describes a mixed methods, longitudinal research project seeking to add to our understanding of how higher education institutions can foster students' intercultural competence development more systematically. The focus of this project was on promoting intercultural competence as part of the formal curriculum for all students (i.e. domestic and international) using an evidence-based approach to course design. Evidence-based design is responsive to the target group and learning objectives, selects content and activities within the framework of relevant theories, and includes an evaluation stage (Stephan&Stephan, 2013). The evidence-based course design did not only draw upon existing theory and research, but also upon empirical data gathered from the target group in two studies (i.e. a mixed methods survey study, including a qualitative content analysis of studentsa subjective understanding of intercultural competence, and a focus group study). The resulting course design complemented faculty-led instruction with peer-led experiential workshops and reflective assignments which serve as both, a learning and an assessment tool. The course has been pilot-tested with a group of n=34 students at Jacobs University Bremen in spring 2016. The evaluation stage consisted of a formative evaluation, exploring benefits and challenges of the course design, as well as a summative evaluation, assessing students' intercultural competence development and to which extent the learning objectives of the course have been met. The formative evaluation has offered insights into the benefits and challenges of combining faculty- and peer-led instruction and the use of reflective papers as a learning and assessment tool. The summative evaluation has added to this and contributed to our understanding of how to assess intercultural competence as a learning outcome using a mixed methods approach that integrates direct and indirect evidence of students' intercultural learning.Dissertation1147 1486 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Moral Deviance Across Cultures - Investigations of the Human Moral Mind(2025-02-12); ; ; ; This dissertation deals theoretically and empirically with human morality. More specifically, morally deviant actions are the focus of the research that we will present in the course of this work. In addition to morality, the human self and culture are the further pillars on which this work is based. As an overarching goal, we pursue the research question which moral system guides cooperation in different cultures? In seven chapters, we will first deal theoretically, but then mainly empirically, with human morality, the self, and culture. Chapter 1 discusses the three theoretical foci of this work, mainly against the background of evolutionary theories. At the end of this chapter, we will also derive several hypotheses to be tested. In Chapter 2, we take a look at comparative cultural research and prepare the ground for subsequent investigations of cross-cultural similarities and differences in morality. With regard to moral tendencies, our research focuses on comparisons between Egypt, Germany, Japan and the United States of America. Chapters 3 through 6 address independent yet complementary cross-cultural investigations of the human moral mind. In these chapters, we aim to approach our overarching research question by means of a canon of different methods. Eventually, Chapter 7 provides a summary discussion and conclusion. Cross-cultural research on the human moral mind is situated in the field of tension between the poles of the culturally specific and the universally human. The results of our investigations also fall within this field of tension. We will be able to provide strong empirical indications of universal moral domains on the one hand, and present results that demonstrate the massive influence of culture on the calibration of our moral mind on the other. Overall, this dissertation aims to make three contributions: First, we attempt to make a theoretical contribution by synthesizing two leading moral theories and proposing our own moral approach based on them. Second, we develop and test three different instruments that are meant to expand our toolbox for cross-cultural research on morality. Third, we attempt to make an empirical contribution by examining the moral systems of four heterogeneous cultural entities. We are guided by the hope that this dissertation will shed some light on the human disposition that drives us to self-regulate and that enables us to cooperate so profoundly and extensively with others: our morality.Dissertation192 117 - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item-typ:Veröffentlichung, Minority versus Majority : a New Paradigm of Intergroup Conflict(2017-12-11); ; ; Living in an ethnically and culturally heterogeneous social setting has been a prime subject for a variety of social science disciplines. This dissertation adds to the discussion by addressing the dynamics of conflict between minorities and majorities from a novel theoretical perspective. More precisely, it tackles the question of majorities discriminating against minorities by situating the question in the Structural Goal/Expectation Theory (sGET) approach. Rather than rely on identity or attitude, sGET argues for an evolutionary view of human intergroup behaviour in which, crucially, the incentive structures inherent to the situation and the interpersonal interaction between the actors can be directly linked to behaviour. To test this approach, four studies have been conducted and are presented in this work. These studies show that the dilemma which comes with managing common resources, is a crucial component to understanding minority discrimination in heterogeneous societies.Dissertation409 172