Cuticular microstructure of the locust femur–tibia joint

In insect exoskeletons, articular membranes connect the sclerotized hard segments within joints, ensuring protection, mobility, and resilience to mechanical stresses. During exoskeletal movement, these membranes experience tensile and compressive forces, leading to either stretching or the formation of cuticular folds. The mechanisms underlying cuticular folding remain unclear, particularly whether folds are regular (specific) or irregular (non-specific) and how cuticle ultrastructure influences folding patterns. To address these questions, we examined the femur–tibia joints in the mesothoracic legs of locusts (Locusta migratoria) using non-destructive micro-CT, histological methods, and scanning electron microscopy. The joints were analyzed at different flexion angles and maturity stages to characterize membrane folding. Our findings reveal distinct scales of cuticular folds in the femur–tibia joint: macrofolds associated with internal structures such as muscle attachment sites and microfolds potentially linked to cuticle ultrastructure, surface properties, or membrane thickness differences.